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Definition 1 The set of all lines in three-dimensional space that pass through the origin is called the projective plane. Any line that passes through the origin and does not lie in the $XOY$ plane (i.e., $z \neq 0$) can be associated with a point $(x, y, 1)$. For a vector $l$ with coordinates $(X, Y, Z)$ where $Z \neq 0$, the corresponding poi...

Block cipher is an algorithm that performs encryption and decryption of the plaintext by blocks (for example of 128 bit). It’s obvious that to encode plaintext with different from block sizes we need a separate high-level module that will perform split and append operations on the plaintext in a couple with some other transformations. Such trans...